(polymer, PBTTT-C14) device and organized them on the metal gate of the device. With

this method, it is possible to detect pico-molar concentrations of OBPs, which may then be

used to determine chiral differential interactions in OBPs with high selectivity and spe­

cificity (Figure 1.5c, d). Through the use of small capacitance changes associated with

ligand-protein complex formation, it is possible to calculate free-energy balances from

conformational events, such as the interaction of chiral (S)-(+)-carvone enantiomers with

OBPs, with high accuracy. While pOBPs are negatively charged in pure water, the chiral

molecules have a dipole moment and physically connect to the pOBPs. In contrast, pOBPs

are positively charged in pure water, and the chiral molecules have a dipole moment and

physically bind to the pOBPs.

1.4.3 Bioelectronics with Inorganic Conductors

Metals-based materials are the most frequently used conductive inorganic materials in

bioelectronic devices, as well as for the development of a wide range of bioelectronic

devices. New advances in chemistry are necessary to improve the conductivity, bio­

compatibility, chemical stability, and workability of these materials, and their manu­

facturing and patterning capabilities, to improve the performance of next-generation

bioelectronics. For instance, platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) are often used as a dec­

orative coating on other materials to give reactive sites while also increasing the overall

properties of the substance. When Pt NPs are exposed to liquid metals, they exhibit a

significant attraction to them, resulting in a homogenous dispersion of the liquid metal

across Pt NPs-coated carbon nanotubes [39]. This composite metal exhibits mechanical

FIGURE 1.5

(a) A schematic representation for the bio-functionalization of OECTs with enzyme, (b) the immobilization of

LOx enzyme on the gate electrode of transistors for sensing selectivity enhancement. Reproduced with per­

mission [ 37]. Copyright (2018), American Association for the Advancement of Science Publishing Group. (c) A

schematic representation and (d) working mechanism of a capacitively coupled p-type organic FET with pOBPs

as ligands. Reproduced with permission [ 38]. Copyright (2015), Springer Nature.

10

Bioelectronics